Question 1: A Perl solution 

#!/usr/bin/perl

while (<>) {
    s/A/chr(0x5C)/ge;
    s/B/chr(0x5F)/ge;
    s/C/chr(0x7C)/ge;
    s/D/chr(0x7C)/ge;
    s/E/chr(0x5F)/ge;
    s/F/chr(0x20)/ge;
    s/G/chr(0x7C)/ge;
    s/H/chr(0x5C)/ge;
    s/I/chr(0x5F)/ge;
    s/J/chr(0x2F)/ge;
    s/K/chr(0x20)/ge;
    s/L/chr(0x2F)/ge;
    s/M/chr(0x7C)/ge;
    s/N/chr(0x5F)/ge;
    s/O/chr(0x20)/ge;
    s/P/chr(0x7C)/ge;
    s/Q/chr(0x20)/ge;
    s/R/chr(0x20)/ge;
    s/S/chr(0x5F)/ge;
    s/T/chr(0x2F)/ge;
    s/U/chr(0x20)/ge;
    s/W/chr(0x5C)/ge;
    s/X/chr(0x20)/ge;
    s/Y/chr(0x7C)/ge;
    s/Z/chr(0x20)/ge;
    print;
}